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The association between parvovirus B19 contagion and arthropathy was made in 1985.(1 )
Parvovirus B19 has been associated with the evolution of various autoimmune diseases.(2 )
Can Parvovirus B19 Infection Cause Rheumatoid Arthritis?
The most common infection that parvovirus B19 causes are erythema infectiosum that leads to rash in the body . On occasions , this rash is accompanied by acute symmetric polyarthropathy orarthritisthat may mimicrheumatoid arthritisin grownup . The association between B19 transmission and arthropathy ( joint disease ) was made only of late in 1985 . The rash of erythema infectiosum is mostly followed by arthralgia ( joint pain ) , which is more common in adults ( affecting 60 % women and 30 % men ) than in children ( approximately 10 % ) . The ordinarily touch on joints are metacarpophalangeal ( 75 % ) , knees ( 65 % ) , wrist joint ( 55 % ) , and ankles ( 40 % ) . However , they are free of articulary corroding that are primarily present in rheumatoid arthritis.(1 )
B19 associate arthritis is most acute but may become inveterate in some cases . closely 50 % of affected role with continuing B19 arthropathy sports meeting American Rheumatoid Association criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis . Although B19 has been relate to the causation of rheumatoid arthritis , the results are inadequate and involve further research for it to be considered as a classical causative broker behind creaky arthritis .
Although B19 infection mimics rheumatoid arthritis in its acute stages and there is the spotting of B19 DNA in the synovial fluid and synovial biopsy specimens , there is no convincing link to consider B19 contagion as the cause of rheumatic arthritis associated with erosion of the joint and inflammatory joint disease.(1 )
Is Parvovirus B19 An Autoimmune Disease?
Parvovirus B19 has been shown to initiate various autoimmune diseases that admit neurologic , rheumatological , haematological , metabolic , neuromuscular , cardiovascular , and nephrological diseases . Neurological diseases admit cross myelitis , cerebellar ataxia , cranial nerve palsy , Guillain - Barre syndrome , neuralgic amyotrophy , and other peripheral neuropathy . Rheumatological disease includesystemic lupus erythematosus , rheumatoid arthritis , juvenile idiopathic arthritis , systemic sclerosis , myositis , vasculitis , and chronic fatigue syndrome / myalgic encephalomyelitis . Hematological disease include aplastic anemia , immune thrombopenia , and autoimmune neutropenia . Neuromuscular disease includemyasthenia gravisand cardiovascular disease includemyocarditisand distend cardiomyopathy . Metabolic diseases include type 1diabetes mellitus , Hashimoto ’s thyroiditis , andGraves ’ disease ; whereas , nephrological diseases include glomerulonephritis.(2 )
Although B19 infection has been known to bring about various autoantibodies aim against various autoantigens ( mitochondrial , atomic , gastric parietal cell , politic muscle , and phospholipid antigens ) that play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of various systemic autoimmune diseases , its connection between autoimmunity is still not clear-cut . inveterate B19 transmission does lead to the formation of antiviral antibodies that have auto - antigen binding place . Autoimmunity might be induced by parvovirus B19 due to molecular mimicry chemical mechanism by cross - react with human proteins ( autoantigens ) , by modification of the apoptotic process result in self - antigens to T lymphocytes , and phospholipase natural action of the B19 unequaled VP1 protein region .
B19 infection triggers sure autoantibody in the above - remark autoimmune disease , such as in rheumatoid arthritis- RF and anti - cyclical citrullinated peptide antibody ; in juvenile idiopathic arthritis- anti - cardiolipin , anti - phosphatidylserine , and anti - beta2 - glycoprotein 1 antibodies ; in systemic lupus erythematosus- anticardiolipin antibody ; in glomerulonephritis- anti - nuclear antibody , anti - cardiolipin antibody , anti - GBM antibody , proteinase-3 ANCA , myeloperoxidase - antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody . Although parvovirus B19 is associated with triggering autoimmune response and autoimmune disease , it in itself is not an autoimmune disease.(2),(3 )
The find of parvo B19 ( B19 ) has only been recent in the 20th century around 1974 . Among all parvoviruses , only parvo B19 is infective to human . It is a single - strand desoxyribonucleic acid virus and belongs to the kinfolk Parvoviridae . B19 infection is quite common both in the immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals depend on their immunologic and hematologic status . B19 causes erythema infectiosum and arthropathy in sizable immunocompetent people . In individuals with haemolytic disorder , B19 contagion may lead to transient aplastic crisis due to their phylogenetic relation for erythroid progenitor cells . It is touch on to pure reddened jail cell aplasia , innate anemia and continuing anemia in immunocompromised patients and edema fetalis induce fetal death in utero in pregnant women.(1 )
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