Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome or HPS is a severe , but not commonly occurring respiratory disease in humans induce by a rare eccentric of infection carrying Hantavirus . It is prove that , rodents carry this fateful Hantavirus and man who come up in contact with these rodent are at risk of pay off Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome . The infection with Hantavirus can snipe even healthy persons at any time if they remain open to rodent plague for a longer point .
Several inquiry have been carry out on Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in USA and other parts of the humankind , but no vestige of person - to - person transmission of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome has been detected till now . The disease is not a common one , but it can be disastrous if not treated on time .
Signs and Symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
unremarkably , symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome initiate to expose after two to three weeks of getting affected by this Hantavirus .
other Symptoms May let in :
All these above remark yield bug out appearing too fast not give the patients or family to empathise the problem or take decision to bring the patients to the infirmary . Right after breathing trouble starts with a cause of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome , patients may choke due to the infection within a maximum period of two days .
Occurrence of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
In USA alone , almost 660 cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome are identified since 1993 . Almost 35 % of all these cases resulted in death . compare to female person , males are more prostrate to Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome . As per the statistics usable in USA , 63 % of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome are detected in male .
Few other interesting statistics of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome are –
misfortunate record maintenance in other countries is the main impediment in further research on HPS . Outside USA , very few cases are report officially . Some individual case are set up in Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Panama , Uruguay and Venezuela etc .
Prognosis and Mortality Rate of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
There is almost 36 - 40 % mortality rate in Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome . problem intensify due to retard detection of the Hantavirus syndrome .
In modest cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome , the prognosis is quite satisfactory and can recuperate without any residuary cardiopulmonary sequela . However , it often becomes unmanageable to name the condition in initial stages as many patients remain incognizant that they have even add up in contact with gnawer that hold the virus . patient with this syndrome in advanced point have poor prognosis .
Causes of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
In most of the case , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is induce by only one case of Hantavirus , viz . ‘ Sin Nombre Virus ’ find in the gnawer .
Apart from rodent , no other animals are known to conduct this Hantavirus . Hence , researchers are beyond question that the pet animals or kine are perfectly safe from this particular type of Hantavirus .
Person-to-Person Transmission of HPS
While investigate some cases of respiratory problems in 1993 in South - Western part of USA , researchers discovered the existence of antecedently unknown Hantavirus called ‘ Sin Nombre Virus ’ or SNV . It was the solitary reasonableness behind that respiratory syndrome , which was named as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome . Transmission of the Hantavirus is in the main attributed to inhalation of aerosolise rodent excreta . subsequently , it was found that rodent ’s urine and dust around the animal can also spread the disease . It is also essay by the researchers that HPS has a prominent pulmonic component , which indicate the ability of the Hantavirus to spread through breathing in of the ethereal particle carrying the Hantavirus . Till to - appointment no evidence is found where it could be proved that Sin Nombre Virus gets transmitted through infected humans for the North American version of the syndrome . However , certain milder of the South American type of the syndrome could be transmissible .
Incubation Period and Stages of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
The Hantavirus takes almost 2 to 3 weeks for developing and prove symptoms . The grade of the disease can be broadly divided into three stages –
Diagnosis for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Early diagnosis of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is really difficult , because most of the above mentioned syndrome tight resemble to normal influenza . It depend on the medical practitioner ’s experience to doubt the spread of infection in the visit patient with such symptom . If the patient role is complaining of tiredness , fever , and organic structure yearn along with breathing problem and also has a history of treat rodents for sometimes , the doctor may doubt it as a case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome . In such circumstances , the patient should be grease one’s palms to a infirmary at the nimble possible time , because the Hantavirus proliferates in human torso too tight .
Doctors guarantee dissimilar diseased mental test depending on the severity of the disease . Chest X - irradiation , atomic number 8 saturation test , and complete lineage counting are quite normal tests in of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome .
Differential Diagnosis of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Differential diagnosing is very much of the essence for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome .
It is involve to distinguish between non - cardiac pneumonic edema from Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome . In the former case , patients commonly shows gallop speech rhythm in left ventricular S3 , but in case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome galloping rhythm in that part of the kernel is not detected .
Again , HPS is also clinically speciate with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome . It is observed through chest X - ray that infiltrates concentrates on peripheral region while in case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome pleural blowup in central region is more common . aside from establishment of pleural effusion , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is associated with the following –
These three occurrence are not associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome .
Symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome closely resemble Legionnaires ’ disease also , but some difference are there like the following –
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome also needs to be differentiate from pneumonic pest . The former is powerfully associated with hemoptysis and ordinarily pneumonic plague follows the irruption of bubonic plague .
Two mutual zoonotic irregular pneumonias , viz . Q pyrexia and yatobyo are also look at in differential diagnosis of HPS . The basic deviation are as follows –
Differential diagnosing helps to detect Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome more quickly and precisely , which helps the doctors to start right medicament at the earliest .
Treatment of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
There is no specific discussion routine follow in Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome . No vaccine is usable as safe-conduct . Diagnosis of the disease at the former stage can prevent the growing of fatal symptom . hospitalisation of the affected role is necessary at the later stages , when they are kept under intensive care with mechanical ventilation . Hence , earlier the patient is brought under medical superintendence , the practiced it is for the patient . Patients are often devote oxygen therapy to relieve the pulmonary distraint . However , if the distress is very gamy , treatments are of niggling usance .
aesculapian history and day - to - sidereal day activity of the patient should be brought in to care of medical practician . Fever and other symptoms , if watch by the airless impinging with rodent , should be informed to the doc . This will allow the medico to take necessary diagnosis procedure for detecting Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome .
Prevention of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Since the disease is chiefly due to rodents , the good mode to prevent the disease is by avoiding the animal . In sheath , if somebody needs to visit the area with many gnawer roaming around , it is better to take all potential protection like masque , safe mitt and gumboots .
Some precautions to take during working with rodent like pin down them or deflect their gratuitous movements ’ are –
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is quite virulent in nature . If detected in time , it can be annihilate totally with no residuary cardiopulmonary sequela . The principal hindrance of early detection of HPS is its other symptoms . These symptoms resemble with normal influenza and in some in advance stages too , symptoms are often perplexing . It is always advisable to take proper precautions while do by rodent , and substantially to nullify the animal . While consume influenza like symptom after handling rodents , patients should be brought under aesculapian precaution to get perfectly investigated for HPS . The seemingly calamitous Hantavirus spreads too chop-chop giving small meter for diagnosing and treatments . Thus , one must not delay in seeking help if the symptoms arise .
