Hashimoto ’s disease also known as Hashimoto ’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease caused due to the defected immune system . In which disease the resistant organisation attacks the ego - tissue , thyroid gland secreter , leading to its destruction .
Hashimoto ’s thyroiditis is cause by the inflammation of the thyroid gland secreter , in which the dead body dissemble on thyroid tissue as it is comprehend as a alien consistency
What is the Cause of Hashimoto’s Disease?
The Etiopathogenesis of Hashimoto ’s disease is thought to be due to the combined essence of hereditary and environmental factors , which privilege the maturation of the disease . As it is an autoimmune disease , antithyroid antibodies are develop against the thyroid gland tissue . These antithyroid antibodies then attack the thyroid gland tissue and cause the destruction of the thyroid gland secretory organ leading to afflicted function of the same . There are several risk factors associate with the Hashimoto ’s disease which let in
Risk Factors Associated with Hashimoto’s Disease
There is strong evidence in financial support of the genetic relation of the disease . Many monozygotic twins ’ studies have revealed strong genetic component in the development of the disease with gamey concurrence charge per unit . Positive family chronicle of thyroid gland disease is moderately common with certain human leukocyte antigen / HLA cistron .
Presence of any other autoimmune disease is also a risk factor for the development of the Hashimoto ’s disease . Certain constituent like environmental one also play a role , such as gamy iodin in the dieting , low concentration of some metal like Selenium in the eubstance , some toxic drugs and other diseases have been incriminated for the developing of autoimmune disease of thyroid in a genetically predisposed person .
There is evidence for the inculpation of genes in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease in dissimilar ethnical groups residing in different geographic region . The incidence of exploitation of autoimmune thyroid disease in individual distress from some transmitted disorder likeTurner syndrome , Down syndrome , Klinefelter syndromeis increased and is usually associate with antithyroid antibodies directed against thyroid gland tissue . The cytotoxic immune answer of the body cause the depletion of thyroid gland tissue and impairing of the normal functioning of the same thus causing the decreased plasma degree of T3 and T4 leading to the high-pitched degree of primaryhypothyroidismand the compensatory rise in the TSH stratum .
Pathogenesis
There is various mechanic system for the developing of the thyroid disease . Various antibodies are present against thyroid tissue paper . Cytotoxic T electric cell activating as a response to cell - liaise immune response keep company by T helper cell is the chief tract for the destruction of the thyroid tissue paper . With activation of T helper lymphocyte , macrophages also are involve which release seditious cytokines in the thyroid tissue do more and more recruitment of macrophages inside thyroid .
Grossly the thyroid gland becomes enlarged and there is focal noduled appearance . Histologically parenchyma is infiltrated by various lymphocyte . There atrophic changes in the thyroid gland parenchyma , which during the course of study of disease get fibrosed end seen as a dense fibrotic stripe of collagen .
late studies have key out 5 stages of the advance of the disease as-
Genetic Predisposition - It is the initial stage of the disease where the person has a genetic predisposition , but have not been exposed to the peril broker so the levels of T3 and T4 in some individual is normal and no anti - thyroidal antibodies are seen .
Infiltration of Immune Cell in the Parenchyma of Thyroid - In this stage the thyroid gland is pass through by lymphocytes , which causes the destruction of the normal parenchyma . This stage is farseeing and may take years to get a detected before much price is done .
Subclinical Hypothyroidism - This stage is characterized by slightly elevated TSH level . There is increase in the absorption of anti - thyroid antibodies as compare to 2d phase .
Overt Hypothyroidism - Here the destruction of the thyroid parenchyma is such that the normal function of that gland can not be perform so there is decreased level of T3 and T4 and EL in TSH level .
Progression to Other Autoimmune Diseases - As there is a exit of Libra in the resistant organisation of the body , the resistant arrangement may find another gland and to pull tissue .
Conclusion
The disease is more common in region having mellow iodine inhalation and it can occur in all age groups , but is quite more common in between 30 and 50 years of age . The incidence of the disease is more in females than that of males and is strongly linked with hypothyroidism .
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